Which term best describes instrumental aggression?

• A. Relational aggression
• B. Passive aggression
• C. Instrumental aggression
• D. Hostile aggression

Answer: (C)

Instrumental aggression describes acts of aggression that are planned and used to achieve a concrete goal, such as obtaining a toy, gaining status, or securing resources. The aggression is a tool to reach the outcome, not a reaction driven by anger or a desire to hurt for its own sake. This explains why the term is the best fit: it emphasizes aggression as a means to an end.

Relational aggression targets social relationships or reputation, not primarily about achieving a material goal. Passive aggression involves indirect, covert expressions of displeasure. Hostile aggression is driven by anger and the desire to harm someone in response to a perceived threat or frustration.